• the correlation stucture "1/f spectra" have been found in both musical signals and DNA sequences.

• Prof. Susumu Ohno (of Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, who died on January 13, 2000, at the age of 71) proposed years ago that the repetition process governs both the musical composition and the DNA sequence construction . see this paper by Ohno in Immunogenetics (1986) titled: "The all pervasive principle of repetitious recurrence governs not only coding sequence construction but also human endeavor in musical composition".

• when DNA sequences are converted to music, it sounds musical!

• models with duplication and mutation operations, such as the "expansion-modification model" are able to generate sequences with 1/f spectra.

Protein Music: http://whozoo.org/mac/Music/, by Mary Ann Clark (Texas Wesleyan Univ). it contains a very nice annotated source list of genetic music.

NDB Musical Atlas : http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/atlas/music/index.html

The Music of DNA: The Building Block of Life: http://www.oursounduniverse.com/music_samples.html by Susan Alexjander in Partnership with Biologist David Deamer

DNA Music: http://www.dnamusic.com/, Metamusic with Hemi-SyncŪ Sound Technology from The Monroe Institute featuring. by Barbara Bullard, Professor of Speech Communication Orange Coast College, Costa Mesa, CA. 1998-2002.

Peter Gena's Home Page : http://www.petergena.com/

Computational Biology - Applications - ProteinMusic: http://www.aber.ac.uk/~phiwww/pm/, by Ross D King and A Karwath, Univ of Wales at Aberystwyth. 1996.

S2 Translation: http://www.nemeton.com/axis-mutatis/s2.html, collaboration between Ross King and the band Shamen . "S2 is the receptor protein for 5-hydroxy tryptamine (Serotonin) and presumably for other tryptamines as well. It is thus one of the most important molecules in the mediation of both ordinary and non-ordinary (or "Shamanic") states of consciousness, which is why the molecule was chosen for this piece." - Colin Angus

DNA sequences - transposed into music : http://www.molart.ch/hugo/index.html Daniel Schumperli (molecular biologist, clarinet), Lukas Frey (geographer, contrabass), and Rudolf von Steiger (space physicist, computer). 2001 (Switzerland).

Gene Music and Sangen Studio : http://www.toshima.ne.jp/%7Eedogiku/index.html, by Nobuo Munakata, Kenshi Hayashi (Japan).

Genome Music : http://www.toddbarton.com/content/music/genome.shtml, composer Todd Barton. 2001.

Molecular Music: http://www.molecularmusic.com/ , by Dr. Linda Long at Exeter Univerity. mapping protein structure(!) to music. 2001.

AudioGenetics, Inc.: http://www.audiogenetics.com/, founded by David Lane. 1998.

Sophia's Garden : http://www.sophiasgarden.org/programs_music.html. This piece of DNA music was created by Herb Moore for the Sophia's Garden Foundation. 2003.

Jeffrey Miller's protein music project: http://www.mimg.ucla.edu/faculty/miller_jh/research.html

PROM - protein music: http://amas.cz3.nus.edu.sg/music/

a "genetic music" patent http://www.sensortime.com/genetic_music.html

your DNA song : http://www.yourdnasong.com/

The Sixth Symposium on Electronic Arts: Musical synthesis of DNA sequences, by Peter Gena, School of the Art Institute of Chicao, and Charles Strom, Illinois Masonic Medical Center. September 1995. PDF: http://www.petergena.com/docs/CIMXI-gena-strom.pdf

Arizona Daily Wildcat: Art exhibit to showcase musical works based on genetic sequences Jan 31, 1996.

PM -- Protein music , by Ross D King, Colin G Angus, Bioinformatics, 12(3):251-252 (1996). PDF: http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/3/251.pdf

Access Excellence @ the National Health Museum : protein preludes, March 1998.

BBC: "Listen to your DNA " , Nov 26, 1998.

Leonardo: http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/002409499552966 life music: the sonification of proteins, Feb 1999 (by J Dunn and MA Clark)

IEEE Engineering In Medicine and Biology : The infrared frequencies of DNA bases, as science and art", http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/51/16268/00752981.pdf?arnumber=752981 by S Alexjander, D Deamer. 1999.

American Society for Aesthetics : it is reported for the 2000 Rocky Mountain Division Meeting, http://www.aesthetics-online.org/reports/index.php?reports_id=20, there is a session on "Music and Biology". "Rudolph Brun and Gerald Gabel at Texas Christian University discussed 'Complexification in Musical Development and Biological Evolution' to explore the possibility that there is one creative principle at work in the universe. Looking at genetics and music from the Gregorian chant to Bach, they showed how complexification theory can explain developments in both fields." exactly Ohno's idea!

Microbes and Music, by Fran Soddell, Jacques Soddell, Lecuture Notes in Computer Science, Vol 1886, pp.767-777 (2000). http://www.springerlink.com/content/l57u03214544806g/

Music, Creativity and Scientific Thinking by Root-Bernstein, Robert Scott. Leonardo, Volume 34, Number 1, pp. 63-68 (2001) http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/leonardo/v034/34.1root-bernstein.html

Smithsonia, Washington DC, USA : http://www.charmian.com/toddbarton/index.html June 9, 2001.

DNA the Way to San Jose? : http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2001/03/42306

Welsh software turns DNA into music , May 14, 2001 http://www.newswales.co.uk/?section=Culture&F=1&id=3932

Art, biotechnology and the culture of peace, by Edgar DaSilva: http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol7/issue2/full/8/index.html, 2004.

Proteins, Immersive Games and Music, by Y.Y. Cai, B.F. Lu, Z.W. Fan, C.W. Chan, K.T. Lim, L. Qi and L. Li, Leonardo, 39(2):135-137 (2006). http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/leon.2006.39.2.135

An overview of auditory display to assist comprehension of molecular information by Miguel Angel Garcia-Ruiz, Jorge Rafael Gutierrez-Pulido, Interacting with Computers, 18(4):853-868 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2005.12.001

Genome Biology: The sound of proteins, May 3, 2007. http://genomebiology.com/pressreleases/pressrelease3May07.asp The paper being discussed is: Rie Takahashi, Jeffrey H Miller (2007), "Conversion of amino-acid sequence in proteins to classical music: search for auditory patterns", Genome Biology, 8:405. http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/5/405

Notes on Metaphors, Notes as Metaphors, by Jose Julian Lopez, Science Communication, Vol. 29, No. 1, 7-34 (2007). http://scx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/29/1/7

Electronic Music for Bio-Molecules Using Short Music Phrases by X.J. Shi,, Y.Y. Cai , C.W. Chan, Leonardo, 40(2), 137-141 (2007). http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/leon.2007.40.2.137

Web-Based Algorithmic Composition from Extramusical Resources by Jonathan N. Middleton, Diane Dowd Leonardo, Volume 41, Number 2, pp. 128-135 (2008). http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/leon.2008.41.2.128

Making music out of swine flu: CNN, April 29, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/04/29/swine.flu.song.music/index.html Zielinski's page: http://stephan-zielinski.com/dwa/2009/04/28/swine-flu-ha-as-ambient-music/

Susan Alexjander's "Sequencia": http://www.oursounduniverse.com/music_samples.html

John Dunn & Kent Bridges' "Inflections" : http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/bridges/inflections/mp3/

Stuart Mitchell's "DNA variations I (the sea)": http://www.dnavariations.com/